Passage 1
At the same time that factory work exhausts the nervous system to the uttermost, it does away with the many-sided play of the muscles, and confiscates every atom of freedom, both in bodily and intellectual activity. The lightening of the labour, even, becomes a sort of torture, since the machine does not free the labourer from work, but deprives the work of all interest. Every kind of capitalist production, in so far as it is not only a labour-process, but also a process of creating surplus-value, has this in common, that it is not the workman that employs the instruments of labour, but the instruments of labour that employ the workman. But it is only in the factory system that this inversion for the first time acquires technical and palpable reality. By means of its conversion into an automaton, the instrument of labour confronts the labourer, during the labour-process, in the shape of capital, of dead labour, that dominates, and pumps dry, living labour-power. The separation of the intellectual powers of production from the manual labour, and the conversion of those powers into the might of capital over labour, is, as we have already shown, finally completed by modern industry erected on the foundation of machinery.
Labour and mechanizationHabit and self-commandinstrument · considersdependence · advanceshuman institutions · advancesEconomic and material powerCharacter and human developmentDiminishes autonomy
Marx argues that factory machinery reverses the relation between worker and instrument: the instruments employ and dominate the worker. Capitalist ownership also separates intellectual powers from manual labour, producing exhaustion, loss of interest, deskilling, and diminished bodily and intellectual freedom.
Local word range 17396–17820 · source wording still to be checked