Humanity’s First Exam1850–1940 ⇄ now

1879 · English · United States

Society the Redeemed Form of Man

Henry James Sr.

Passage selected for Humanity's First Exam
free at the same time to do the exact contrary thing, I would not call this latter faculty by the sacred name of freedom, but by that of bondage, since it can be exercised only at the expense of renouncing one's manhood. My moral manhood depends, and de pends absolutely, upon my felt freedom always to take the side of good in preference to evil whenever and wherever I find them conflicting, and never the side of evil in preference to good. Thus if in case of conflict I actually choose evil, or prefer it to good, my moral or provisional manhood not only turns out an actual sham, but by the foreclosure of the condition on which its entire possibility was based, sinks below animality even, and becomes frankly evil or diabolic. It is true, I may not in so doing recognize that I am incurring a forfeiture of all human possibilities, and probably shall not, going on indeed to prate of my superb and lustrous manhood even after I have shut myself up in hell. But this will be simply because manhood is an inward not an outward form or quality, and therefore only to be inwardly dis cerned, whereas I in the circumstances supposed am really or inwardly knavish not human, and rec ognize manhood therefore only as accomplished knavery.

Letter 28 · p. 454 · line 14583

3 selected passages and classifications

Passage 1

Our race-destiny is thoroughly incapable, I am happy to say, of furnishing a destiny for the individual man. We are not the race, but individuals embraced in it; and though there is beyond doubt a race-destiny for man, there is no such thing as an individual destiny. Human individuality is constituted by freedom and rationality; and if therefore a certain destiny were imposed upon it to fulfil, either by deity or demon, it would immediately collapse. ... the individual man, because he is by creation free and rational, is ipso facto the arbiter of his own spiritual life and character.

James Sr. equates imposed destiny with the collapse of individual agency, grounding effective freedom in a theological account of personhood.

Letter 1, pp. 5–6, individual freedom and destiny

Passage 2

I have no sort of a suspicion, until I receive my information from others, that I am then meanwhile, in spite of my apparent selfhood or freedom, the wretched slave of my personal organization. It seems at this period so like free action to give way to my appetites and passions regardless of any higher law, and my nascent unripe sense of selfhood or personality is so fostered by it, that I cannot help yielding for a while to the deceptive seeming: but it is wholly a seeming, destitute of the least vital truth.

The passage complicates simple voluntarism: what feels like freedom can be bondage to inherited appetite and personal organization.

Letter 1, pp. 8–9, apparent freedom as bondage

Passage 3

Our natural evolution, or our race-destiny, is to put on Divine form and order; and this form and order undeniably consist in each man seeking supremely the good of the whole, and in all men seeking supremely the good of each. It is manifest then that the regenerate person does indirectly promote this race-evolution, inasmuch as he alone freely abstains from conflict with his fellowman.

His freedom is not atomistic: individual regeneration is linked to a collective, reciprocal social order.

Letter 1, pp. 10–11, race-evolution and reciprocal social good

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