Humanity’s First Exam1850–1940 ⇄ now

1902 · English · Bengal / British India

Response in the Living and Non-Living

Jagadish Chandra Bose

2 selected passages and classifications

Passage 1

The parallel is the more striking since it has long been known with regard to animal tissues that the same drug, administered in large or small doses, might have opposite effects, and in preceding chapters we have seen that the same statement holds good of plants and metals also. #Stimulus of light.#--Even the responses of such a highly specialised organ as the retina are strictly paralleled by inorganic responses. We have seen how the stimulus of light evokes in the artificial retina responses which coincide in all their detail with those produced in the real retina. This was seen in ineffective stimuli becoming effective after repetition, in the relation between stimulus and response, and in the effects produced by temperature; also in the phenomenon of after-oscillation. These similarities went even further, the very abnormalities of retinal response finding their reflection in the inorganic.

Bose argues from experimental parallels between animal, plant, metal, and artificial-retina responses. The passage rejects the need for a special vital force, but it does not directly evaluate human autonomy or agency.

Local word range 41891–42315

Passage 2

We have seen that amongst the phenomena of response, there is no necessity for the assumption of vital force. They are, on the contrary, physico-chemical phenomena, susceptible of a physical inquiry as definite as any other in inorganic regions. Physiologists have taught us to read in the response-curves a history of the influence of various external agencies and conditions on the phenomenon of life. By these means we are able to trace the gradual diminution of responsiveness by fatigue, by extremes of heat and cold, its exaltation by stimulants, the arrest of the life-process by poison. The investigations which have just been described may possibly carry us one step further, proving to us that these things are determined, not by the play of an unknowable and arbitrary vital force, but by the working of laws that know no change, acting equally and uniformly throughout the organic and the inorganic worlds.

Bose argues from comparative experimental response in metals, plants, and animals against a special vital force, extending invariant physical law across organic and inorganic matter.

Chapter XX, “General Survey and Conclusion”

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