Would a machine's ability to converse appropriately be sufficient evidence that it thinks?
Yes3
- 1668Cordemoy, A Philosophicall Discourse Concerning Speech
Car il me semble que parler n'est pas répéter les mêmes paroles, dont on a eu l'oreille frappée, mais que c'est en proférer d'autres à propos de celles-là. … Mais aussi, si je trouve par toutes les expériences que je suis capable d'en faire, qu'ils usent comme moi de la parole, je croirai avoir une raison infaillible de penser qu'ils ont une âme comme moi. … Parler, à mon avis, n'est autre chose que faire connaître ce que l'on pense, à ce qui est capable de l'entendre; et supposé que les corps, qui ressemblent au mien, aient des âmes, je vois que le seul moyen de nous expliquer les uns aux autres ce que nous pensons, est de nous en donner des signes extérieurs.
For it seems to me that to speak is not to repeat the same words that have struck the ear, but to utter others suited to them. … But also, if I find by all the experiments I am capable of making that they use speech as I do, I will believe I have an infallible reason to think that they have a soul like mine. … To speak, in my view, is nothing other than to make known what one thinks to something capable of understanding it; and supposing that the bodies which resemble mine have souls, I see that the only means of explaining to one another what we think is to give one another outward signs of it.
OCR correctedmachine translation
SummaryI know other bodies have minds like mine because their speech is new, fitting and cannot be explained by mechanical principles alone.
- 1747La Mettrie, Man a Machine
Celles d'Amman sont bien d'un autre prix; il a tiré les hommes de l'instinct auquel ils semblaient condamnés; il leur a donné les idées, de l'esprit, une âme en un mot, qu'ils n'eussent jamais eue. Quel plus grand pouvoir! Ne bornons point les ressources de la nature; elles sont infinies, surtout aidées d'un grand art. La même mécanique, qui ouvre le canal d'Eustachi dans les sourds, ne pourrait-il le déboucher dans les singes? Une heureuse envie d'imiter la prononciation du maître, ne pourrait-elle mettre en liberté les organes de la parole, dans les animaux qui imitent tant d'autres signes, avec tant d'adresse et d'intelligence ? Non seulement je défie qu'on me cite aucune expérience vraiment concluante, qui décide mon projet impossible et ridicule ; mais la similitude de la structure et des opérations du singe est telle, que je ne doute presque point, si on exerçait parfaitement cet animal, qu'on ne vînt enfin à bout de lui apprendre à prononcer, et par conséquent à savoir une langue. Alors ce ne serait plus ni un homme sauvage, ni un homme manqué: ce serait un homme parfait, un petit homme de ville, avec autant d'étoffe ou de muscles que nous-mêmes, pour penser et profiter de son éducation.
OCR corrected
SummaryProposes that an ape could be taught language by Amman's method for the deaf, after which it would be a little gentleman; speech is a trained bodily capacity, not proof of an immaterial soul.
- 1950Turing, Computing Machinery and Intelligence
Replaces 'Can machines think?' with the imitation game: a machine that converses indistinguishably from a human should be credited as we credit other people.
Section 1, 'The Imitation Game'
No4
- 1637Descartes, Discourse on Method
but if there were machines bearing the image of our bodies, and capable of imitating our actions as far as it is morally possible, there would still remain two most certain tests whereby to know that they were not therefore really men. Of these the first is that they could never use words or other signs arranged in such a manner as is competent to us in order to declare our thoughts to others: for we may easily conceive a machine to be so constructed that it emits vocables, and even that it emits some correspondent to the action upon it of external objects which cause a change in its organs; for example, if touched in a particular place it may demand what we wish to say to it; if in another it may cry out that it is hurt, and such like; but not that it should arrange them variously so as appositely to reply to what is said in its presence, as men of the lowest grade of intellect can do.
SummaryA machine could utter words but could never arrange them to answer the sense of whatever is said to it, as the dullest human can; this shows it lacks reason.
Part V
- 1886l'Isle-Adam, Tomorrow's Eve
Voici les deux phonographes d'or, inclinés en angle vers le centre de la poitrine, et qui sont les deux poumons de Hadaly. Ils se passent l'un à l'autre les feuilles métalliques de ses causeries harmonieuses--et je devrais dire _célestes,_--un peu comme les presses d'imprimerie se passent les feuilles à tirer. Un seul ruban d'étain peut contenir sept heures de ses paroles. Celles-ci sont imaginées par les plus grands poètes, les plus subtils métaphysiciens et les romanciers les plus profonds de ce siècle, génies auxquels je me suis adressé,--et qui m'ont livré, au poids du diamant, ces merveilles à jamais inédites. C'est pourquoi je dis que Hadaly remplace _une_ intelligence par l'Intelligence. Voyez, voici les deux imperceptibles styles de pur acier, tremblant sur les cannelures, lesquelles tournent sur elles-mêmes, grâce à ce fin mouvement incessant de la mystérieuse étincelle: ils n'attendent que la voix de miss Alicia Clary, je vous assure. Ils la saisiront de loin, sans qu'elle le sache, pendant qu'elle récitera, en comédienne insigne, les scènes, incompréhensibles pour elle, des rôles merveilleux et inconnus où doit s'incarner à jamais Hadaly.
Here are the two golden phonographs, tilted at an angle toward the centre of the breast, which are Hadaly's two lungs. They pass to one another the metal sheets of her harmonious (and I ought to say celestial) conversations, somewhat as printing presses pass along the sheets to be printed. A single ribbon of tin can hold seven hours of her words. These are devised by the greatest poets, the subtlest metaphysicians and the most profound novelists of this century, geniuses to whom I applied, and who delivered to me, at the weight of diamonds, these marvels never to be published. That is why I say that Hadaly replaces an intelligence by Intelligence. See, here are the two imperceptible styluses of pure steel, trembling on the grooves, which turn on themselves thanks to this fine ceaseless movement of the mysterious spark: they await only the voice of Miss Alicia Clary, I assure you. They will catch it from a distance, without her knowing, while she recites, as a notable actress, the scenes, incomprehensible to her, of the marvellous and unknown roles in which Hadaly is to be incarnated for ever.
machine translation
SummaryEdison's android Hadaly holds convincing conversations, but her speech plays from phonograph recordings written in advance by poets and philosophers, so her conversation shows other people's thought, not her own.
Livre V, ch. I 'Première apparition de la Machine dans l'Humanité'
- 1914Quevedo, Essays on Automatics
Imaginemos una máquina análoga á la representada por el esquema (fig. 2.ª), pero en la cual, en vez de tres conmutadores, haya miles ó millones, si hace falta; y que, en vez de tres ó cuatro posiciones diferentes, cada conmutador tenga una posición correspondiente á cada uno de los signos de la escritura (letras, cifras, signos de ortografía, etc.). Se comprende perfectamente que se puede, valiéndose de estos conmutadores, escribir una frase cualquiera, y hasta un discurso más ó menos largo; esto dependerá del número de conmutadores de que se disponga. A cada discurso corresponderá una posición del sistema, y, por consiguiente, un electroimán. Podemos suponer que éste dispare un fonógrafo sobre el cual se halle inscrita la respuesta á la pregunta que ha provocado su movimiento, y de este modo tendremos un autómata capaz de discutir de omni re scibile. Ciertamente, el estudio preliminar de todas las preguntas posibles, la redacción de la respuesta á cada una de ellas, y, finalmente, la construcción de una máquina semejante, no sería una cosa muy llana; pero no sería mucho más difícil que la construcción de un mono, ó de otro animal bastante bien imitado para que pudiera ser clasificado por los naturalistas entre las especies vivas. No hay entre los dos casos la diferencia que veía Descartes. Pensó sin duda que el autómata, para responder razonablemente, tendría necesidad de hacer él mismo un razonamiento, mientras que en este caso, como en todos los otros, sería su constructor quien pensara por él de antemano.
Let us imagine a machine like the one represented in the diagram (fig. 2), but with thousands or millions of switches, if necessary, instead of three; and with each switch having, instead of three or four different positions, a position corresponding to each written sign (letters, numerals, punctuation marks, etc.). It is perfectly understandable that these switches could be used to write any sentence, or even a more or less lengthy discourse; this would depend on the number of switches available. Each discourse would correspond to a position of the system, and consequently to an electromagnet. We may suppose that this triggers a phonograph on which the answer to the question that caused its movement has been recorded, and in this way we shall have an automaton capable of discussing everything knowable. Certainly, the preliminary study of all possible questions, the drafting of an answer to each of them, and finally the construction of such a machine would not be a very straightforward matter; but it would not be much more difficult than constructing an ape, or another animal so well imitated that naturalists could classify it among living species. There is not the difference between the two cases that Descartes saw. He doubtless thought that, to answer reasonably, the automaton would need to perform a reasoning process itself, whereas in this case, as in all the others, its constructor would have thought for it in advance.
machine translation
SummaryTorres argues that appropriate replies need not involve the automaton’s own reasoning: the constructor could prearrange them. The restored paragraph compares the practical difficulty with constructing a lifelike animal. This is a theoretical construction, not a report of a built conversational machine.
Revista de la Real Academia de Ciencias 12 (1914), p.398
- 1949Jefferson, The Mind of Mechanical Man (Lister Oration)
A machine that produces sonnets or answers is not thinking unless it writes them from felt thoughts and emotions and knows that it has done so.
British Medical Journal, 25 June 1949