219 works selected for the 40 candidate questions. Selections approved by Ben Breen, 29 September 2026. Arguments are unverified. Quotations were chosen by machine and are unchecked.
61 of 219 works
1813OwenOwen,A New View of SocietyEnglishEssayFull text
- Q06Can people be morally responsible for actions that follow necessarily from their bodily constitution and circumstances?
No. A person's character is formed for him by circumstances, not by him, so it is unjust for society to punish the characters its own arrangements produce; crime should be prevented, not punished.
- Q06Can people be morally responsible for actions that follow necessarily from their bodily constitution and circumstances?
1818ShelleyShelley,Frankenstein; or, The Modern PrometheusEnglishFictionFull text
- Q26Can inventors remain responsible for harmful uses of their inventions that they did not intend?
Yes. Victor, who never intended his creature to kill, judges himself 'not in deed, but in effect' the true murderer when his brother is killed and Justine condemned.
- Q28Would the capacity to suffer give an artificial being a claim to humane treatment?
Yes. The creature demands that his maker relieve his misery, arguing that he was benevolent until suffering made him a fiend.
- Q29Would creating an intelligent being give its maker the right to own it?
No. The creature tells Victor 'I ought to be thy Adam', and Victor recognises 'the duties of a creator towards his creature', framing the relation as obligation rather than ownership.
- Q26Can inventors remain responsible for harmful uses of their inventions that they did not intend?
1821RicardoRicardo,On the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation (3rd ed.)EnglishTreatiseFull text
- Q17Does introducing labor-saving machinery improve workers' lives?
No. Added chapter concedes that the workers' belief that machinery often harms them is correct: it can cut the fund that employs labour while landlords and capitalists gain.
- Q17Does introducing labor-saving machinery improve workers' lives?
1826NorthNorth,The Life of the Right Honourable Francis North (1826 edition)EnglishOtherPartial text
1829CarlyleCarlyle,Signs of the TimesEnglishPeriodicalFull text
- Q14Would machines becoming more capable than humans necessarily place humans in a subordinate position?
Yes. Argues that the age of machinery has made men mechanical in head and heart as well as in hand.
- Q31Can reliance on machinery become a form of idolatry?
Yes. Calls the age mechanical in head and heart; men hope only in mechanism, and worship an idol of Strength instead of the Beautiful and Good.
- Q35Does treating the state as an artificial machine give its members grounds to redesign it?
No. The age trusts machinery in politics as in industry, believing good government is a matter of mechanical arrangements; Carlyle holds that social health depends on inward, dynamic forces that no constitution-making can supply.
- Q14Would machines becoming more capable than humans necessarily place humans in a subordinate position?
1829SoutheySouthey,Sir Thomas More; or, Colloquies on the Progress and Prospects of SocietyEnglishOtherPartial text
1831WalkerWalker,Defence of Mechanical PhilosophyEnglishPeriodicalNo text yet
- Q31Can reliance on machinery become a form of idolatry?
No. Reply to Carlyle's 'Signs of the Times' defending mechanical invention as freeing people from drudgery for higher pursuits.
- Q31Can reliance on machinery become a form of idolatry?
1832BabbageBabbage,On the Economy of Machinery and ManufacturesEnglishTreatiseFull text
- Q17Does introducing labor-saving machinery improve workers' lives?
Yes. Machinery first displaces labour, but lower prices raise demand and soon reabsorb most or all of the displaced workers.
- Q24Does using calculating devices weaken the ability to calculate without them?
Calculation need not require skill. De Prony's tables were computed by workers who knew only addition and subtraction and were more accurate than skilled mathematicians; this shows calculation can be done by machinery.
- Q25Does relying on machinery for ordinary necessities reduce people's ability to provide for themselves?
No. Argues that a machine which halves the time needed to make an article lets a self-supplying household enjoy the same comforts with less labour, and that displaced labour is soon reabsorbed.
- Q32Is widespread use of machinery evidence that a society is more civilized?
Yes. Says a country must have reached a high degree of civilization before it approaches the limit of economy in applying force to transport.
- Q17Does introducing labor-saving machinery improve workers' lives?
1835UreUre,The Philosophy of ManufacturesEnglishTreatiseFull text
- Q17Does introducing labor-saving machinery improve workers' lives?
Yes. Ure reports seeing cheerful child workers in factories and claims that, with adequate food and clothing, they would thrive there better than in unhealthy homes. These are Ure’s claims, not independently established facts about factory conditions.
- Q18Does operating machinery develop or diminish a worker's skill and judgment?
This answer is hidden while the authors build this question’s position key.
- Q27Should a useful invention be restricted if its harmful consequences cannot be reliably controlled?
No. Defends self-acting machinery against the charge that it harasses the poor, arguing that the blessings of mechanical science to society have been too little recognised.
- Q17Does introducing labor-saving machinery improve workers' lives?
1836CarlyleCarlyle,Sartor ResartusEnglishFictionFull text
- Q38When a person accomplishes something through a machine, should the machine's power count as that person's capability?
Yes. Man is weak in himself but a tool-using animal: 'without Tools he is nothing, with Tools he is all.'
- Q38When a person accomplishes something through a machine, should the machine's power count as that person's capability?
1836PoePoe,Maelzel's Chess-PlayerEnglishPeriodicalFull text
- Q03Can a machine exercise judgment when faced with circumstances its maker did not anticipate?
No. Calculation is determinate and can be mechanized, but in chess no move follows necessarily from the last and the opponent's will interrupts any fixed sequence, so a pure machine could not play.
- Q03Can a machine exercise judgment when faced with circumstances its maker did not anticipate?
1837MacaulayMacaulay,Lord BaconEnglishEssayFull text
- Q32Is widespread use of machinery evidence that a society is more civilized?
Yes. Judges Bacon's philosophy by its fruits: it has lengthened life, spanned rivers, annihilated distance and driven cars without horses; its law is progress.
- Q32Is widespread use of machinery evidence that a society is more civilized?
1839PoePoe,The Man That Was Used UpEnglishFictionFull text
- Q16Would replacing bodily organs with artificial substitutes preserve the identity of the person?
No. Satirizes a celebrated general who turns out to be assembled each morning from artificial limbs, eyes, palate and wig, leaving little that is him.
- Q16Would replacing bodily organs with artificial substitutes preserve the identity of the person?
1841EmersonEmerson,Self-RelianceEnglishEssayFull text
- Q24Does using calculating devices weaken the ability to calculate without them?
Yes. Owning a watch and a nautical almanac, civilized man cannot tell the hour by the sun or name a star; each tool costs a native skill.
- Q38When a person accomplishes something through a machine, should the machine's power count as that person's capability?
No. 'The civilized man has built a coach, but has lost the use of his feet'; each gain in equipment is a loss of the person's own strength and skill.
- Q24Does using calculating devices weaken the ability to calculate without them?
1843HawthorneHawthorne,The Celestial RailroadEnglishFictionFull text
- Q30Should technological invention be understood as carrying out a divine purpose?
This answer is hidden while the authors build this question’s position key.
- Q30Should technological invention be understood as carrying out a divine purpose?
1843KingKing,Sketch of the Analytical Engine Invented by Charles Babbage, with Notes by the TranslatorEnglishEssayFull text
- Q01Can a machine originate an idea that its maker did not supply?
This answer is hidden while the authors build this question’s position key.
- Q01Can a machine originate an idea that its maker did not supply?
1843MillMill,A System of Logic, Ratiocinative and InductiveEnglishTreatiseFull text
- Q06Can people be morally responsible for actions that follow necessarily from their bodily constitution and circumstances?
Yes. Human actions follow from character and circumstances, but 'necessity' is a misleading word; a person who can shape his own character and resist his habits is morally free.
- Q06Can people be morally responsible for actions that follow necessarily from their bodily constitution and circumstances?
1848MillMill,Principles of Political EconomyEnglishTreatiseFull text
- Q17Does introducing labor-saving machinery improve workers' lives?
No. Doubts that all mechanical inventions so far have lightened the day's toil of any human being; they have let more people live the same life of drudgery and made fortunes for manufacturers.
- Q19Who should receive the benefits when machinery increases the amount a worker can produce?
The workers, through co-operative ownership. Expects labourers to associate as equals, collectively own the capital they work with, and elect their managers.
- Q17Does introducing labor-saving machinery improve workers' lives?
1849ThoreauThoreau,Resistance to Civil GovernmentEnglishEssayFull text
- Q21Can repeated obedience train a person to obey without judgment?
Yes. Soldiers and officials serve the state as machines, with no free exercise of judgment or moral sense.
- Q36Should public officials carry out rules without exercising personal moral judgment?
No. Most men serve the state 'not as men mainly, but as machines, with their bodies', as soldiers, jailers and constables, and so give up moral judgment; conscience must come first.
- Q21Can repeated obedience train a person to obey without judgment?
1853RuskinRuskin,The Stones of Venice, vol. 2EnglishEssayFull text
- Q18Does operating machinery develop or diminish a worker's skill and judgment?
This answer is hidden while the authors build this question’s position key.
- Q18Does operating machinery develop or diminish a worker's skill and judgment?
1854DickensDickens,Hard TimesEnglishFictionFull text
- Q22Does organizing daily life by fixed schedules strengthen or weaken self-government?
Weakens. Coketown's people all go in and out at the same hours to do the same work, and every day is the same as the one before.
- Q22Does organizing daily life by fixed schedules strengthen or weaken self-government?
1854Stafford et al.Stafford et al.,Report on the Organisation of the Permanent Civil ServiceEnglishOtherNo text yet
- Q12Can numerical measures adequately determine a person's fitness for a position of responsibility?
Yes. Recommends that entry to the civil service be decided by open competitive examination instead of patronage.
- Q12Can numerical measures adequately determine a person's fitness for a position of responsibility?
1854ThoreauThoreau,WaldenEnglishOtherFull text
- Q25Does relying on machinery for ordinary necessities reduce people's ability to provide for themselves?
Yes. Says people who once fed and sheltered themselves directly have become dependent on the tools and property they built, so that 'men have become the tools of their tools.'
- Q38When a person accomplishes something through a machine, should the machine's power count as that person's capability?
No. Thoreau contrasts a mobile, self-providing life with settled dependence and says that people have become the tools of their tools. The passage addresses dependence more directly than attribution of technical capability.
- Q25Does relying on machinery for ordinary necessities reduce people's ability to provide for themselves?
1857TrollopeTrollope,The Three ClerksEnglishFictionFull text
- Q12Can numerical measures adequately determine a person's fitness for a position of responsibility?
No. Satirizes competitive examination for the civil service through the examiners Sir Gregory Hardlines and Mr Jobbles and a clerk who passes the test but proves dishonest.
- Q12Can numerical measures adequately determine a person's fitness for a position of responsibility?
1859MillMill,On LibertyEnglishEssayFull text
- Q21Can repeated obedience train a person to obey without judgment?
Yes. One who lets the world choose his plan of life needs only the ape-like faculty of imitation; the faculties of judgment are exercised only in making choices.
- Q21Can repeated obedience train a person to obey without judgment?
1860SpencerSpencer,The Social OrganismEnglishPeriodicalFull text
- Q35Does treating the state as an artificial machine give its members grounds to redesign it?
No. Society is a growth and not a manufacture; constitutions are not made but grow, so treating the state as a contrivance to be redesigned mistakes its nature.
- Q35Does treating the state as an artificial machine give its members grounds to redesign it?
1863ButlerButler,Darwin among the MachinesEnglishPeriodicalFull text
- Q01Can a machine originate an idea that its maker did not supply?
This answer is hidden while the authors build this question’s position key.
- Q13Can machines undergo a process of evolution even when humans build and reproduce them?
Yes. Argues that machines are evolving by the same process as organisms, with humans serving their reproduction, and will supplant humans.
- Q27Should a useful invention be restricted if its harmful consequences cannot be reliably controlled?
Yes. Signed 'Cellarius', the letter argues machines are evolving toward supremacy over man and that 'war to the death' should be proclaimed and every machine destroyed.
- Q01Can a machine originate an idea that its maker did not supply?
1864BabbageBabbage,Passages from the Life of a PhilosopherEnglishOtherFull text
- Q03Can a machine exercise judgment when faced with circumstances its maker did not anticipate?
Yes. Every game of skill can be played by an automaton, because a machine that can choose the right move from any position of the pieces can answer whatever its opponent does.
- Q03Can a machine exercise judgment when faced with circumstances its maker did not anticipate?
1865ButlerButler,Lucubratio EbriaEnglishPeriodicalNo text yet
- Q13Can machines undergo a process of evolution even when humans build and reproduce them?
No. Treats machines as extra-corporeal limbs, so that it is humans who evolve by adding machines to themselves, not machines who evolve as a rival species.
- Q13Can machines undergo a process of evolution even when humans build and reproduce them?
1869ArnoldArnold,Culture and AnarchyEnglishEssayFull text
- Q31Can reliance on machinery become a form of idolatry?
Yes. Says 'faith in machinery' is England's besetting danger: freedom, coal, railroads, wealth and even religious organisations are treated as ends in themselves.
- Q31Can reliance on machinery become a form of idolatry?
1869GaltonGalton,Hereditary GeniusEnglishTreatiseFull text
- Q12Can numerical measures adequately determine a person's fitness for a position of responsibility?
Yes. Ranks men by reputation on a graded statistical scale of natural ability, using judges and statesmen as samples, and treats that ability as measurable and inherited.
- Q12Can numerical measures adequately determine a person's fitness for a position of responsibility?
1870EmersonEmerson,CivilizationEnglishEssayFull text
- Q38When a person accomplishes something through a machine, should the machine's power count as that person's capability?
Yes. People are strong by borrowing the might of the elements; steam, gravity and electricity do their work, so a person should 'hitch his wagon to a star'.
- Q38When a person accomplishes something through a machine, should the machine's power count as that person's capability?
1870HodgsonHodgson,The Theory of Practice: An Ethical EnquiryEnglishTreatiseFull text
- Q04Does conscious intention help cause bodily action?
No. Neural events form a closed causal chain; states of consciousness are always conditioned by them and never condition them.
- Q04Does conscious intention help cause bodily action?
1870JevonsJevons,On the Mechanical Performance of Logical InferenceEnglishPeriodicalFull text
- Q01Can a machine originate an idea that its maker did not supply?
This answer is hidden while the authors build this question’s position key.
- Q10Can a fixed procedure for reasoning settle a disagreement when the participants accept the same premises?
Yes. Jevons contrasts the incompleteness of the ancient syllogism with deduction founded on fundamental laws of thought that can be embodied in uniform mechanical movements.
- Q01Can a machine originate an idea that its maker did not supply?
1871WhitmanWhitman,Passage to IndiaEnglishOtherFull text
- Q30Should technological invention be understood as carrying out a divine purpose?
This answer is hidden while the authors build this question’s position key.
- Q30Should technological invention be understood as carrying out a divine purpose?
1872ButlerButler,ErewhonEnglishFictionFull text
- Q01Can a machine originate an idea that its maker did not supply?
This answer is hidden while the authors build this question’s position key.
- Q06Can people be morally responsible for actions that follow necessarily from their bodily constitution and circumstances?
Satire. Satire of a country that tries and punishes people for illness and bodily failure, while treating forgery and violence as misfortunes of birth or upbringing needing cure.
- Q13Can machines undergo a process of evolution even when humans build and reproduce them?
Yes. Presents an Erewhonian treatise arguing that machines evolve and reproduce through human agency as clover reproduces through bees, followed by a reply that machines are only limbs.
- Q14Would machines becoming more capable than humans necessarily place humans in a subordinate position?
Yes. The Erewhonian treatise argues that machines will become the masters and humans their servants, which is why Erewhon destroyed its machines.
- Q25Does relying on machinery for ordinary necessities reduce people's ability to provide for themselves?
Yes. The Erewhonian treatise argues men already live 'in a state of bondage to the machines' and would suffer terribly if machines vanished, since they can no longer live without them.
- Q37Should tools used to perform bodily functions be understood as parts of the human body?
Both. An Erewhonian writer argues that machines are 'extra-corporeal limbs' and man a 'machinate mammal'; the Book's main author rejects this as a way of hiding the machines' growing independence.
- Q01Can a machine originate an idea that its maker did not supply?
1872RosenkranzRosenkranz,Pedagogics as a System, §99 (Anna C. Brackett translation)EnglishOtherPartial text
1874CarpenterCarpenter,Principles of Mental PhysiologyEnglishTreatiseFull text
- Q04Does conscious intention help cause bodily action?
Yes. Much mental activity is automatic and physically caused, but the Will is an independent power that controls and directs that activity.
- Q04Does conscious intention help cause bodily action?
1874CliffordClifford,Body and MindEnglishEssayFull text
- Q04Does conscious intention help cause bodily action?
No. Mind and body are strictly correlated and physical events have only physical causes, so feelings run alongside the nervous process without acting on it.
- Q04Does conscious intention help cause bodily action?
1874HuxleyHuxley,On the Hypothesis that Animals are Automata, and Its HistoryEnglishEssayFull text
- Q04Does conscious intention help cause bodily action?
No. Consciousness is a collateral product of the body's working, like a steam whistle, and has no power to modify it; humans are conscious automata.
- Q28Would the capacity to suffer give an artificial being a claim to humane treatment?
Yes. Holds animals may be conscious automata; because they probably feel and an error could have terrible consequences, they should be treated as weaker brethren.
- Q04Does conscious intention help cause bodily action?
1875Pitt-RiversPitt-Rivers,On the Evolution of CultureEnglishEssayFull text
- Q13Can machines undergo a process of evolution even when humans build and reproduce them?
Yes. Argues that artefacts such as firearms and boats change by many small successive variations, in a process analogous to Darwinian evolution.
- Q13Can machines undergo a process of evolution even when humans build and reproduce them?
1877MorganMorgan,Ancient SocietyEnglishTreatiseFull text
- Q32Is widespread use of machinery evidence that a society is more civilized?
Yes. Divides human history into savagery, barbarism and civilization, marking the stages largely by a sequence of inventions and discoveries.
- Q32Is widespread use of machinery evidence that a society is more civilized?
1879BakerBaker,Kirkes’ Hand-book of Physiology (ninth edition)EnglishOtherPartial text
1879EliotEliot,Impressions of Theophrastus SuchEnglishEssayFull text
- Q13Can machines undergo a process of evolution even when humans build and reproduce them?
Yes. Speculates in dialogue that machines may come to evolve self-supply, self-repair and reproduction and so succeed humans.
- Q13Can machines undergo a process of evolution even when humans build and reproduce them?
1879GeorgeGeorge,Progress and PovertyEnglishTreatiseFull text
- Q17Does introducing labor-saving machinery improve workers' lives?
No. It was expected that labour-saving inventions would lighten toil and end poverty; instead poverty deepens where machinery is most developed.
- Q19Who should receive the benefits when machinery increases the amount a worker can produce?
Currently landowners; it should go to the community. Improvements in production raise rent, so landowners capture the gain; the remedy is to tax land values.
- Q17Does introducing labor-saving machinery improve workers' lives?
1879MaudsleyMaudsley,The Pathology of MindEnglishOtherPartial text
1883FitchFitch,Lectures on TeachingEnglishTreatiseFull text
1883MüllerMüller,India: What Can It Teach Us?EnglishOtherFull text
- Q23Does relying on written records weaken the ability to remember?
This answer is hidden while the authors build this question’s position key.
- Q23Does relying on written records weaken the ability to remember?
1884KingsleyKingsley,True Words for Brave Men, “Earthly and Heavenly Wisdom; or, Stoop to Conquer”EnglishOtherPartial text
1887PeircePeirce,Logical MachinesEnglishOtherPartial text
1887WilsonWilson,The Study of AdministrationEnglishPeriodicalFull text
- Q36Should public officials carry out rules without exercising personal moral judgment?
Yes. Administration should be a separate science carried out by trained officials under political direction, kept apart from politics.
- Q36Should public officials carry out rules without exercising personal moral judgment?
1888BellamyBellamy,Looking Backward, 2000–1887EnglishFictionFull text
- Q19Who should receive the benefits when machinery increases the amount a worker can produce?
All citizens equally. The nation owns the mills and machinery, and every citizen receives an equal credit on the annual product.
- Q19Who should receive the benefits when machinery increases the amount a worker can produce?
1889CarpenterCarpenter,Civilisation: Its Cause and CureEnglishEssayFull text
- Q31Can reliance on machinery become a form of idolatry?
Yes. Says locomotives, machinery and telegraphs must be reduced to subjection to the real man instead of remaining objects of 'mere fetish-worship as now'.
- Q31Can reliance on machinery become a form of idolatry?
1890JamesJames,The Principles of PsychologyEnglishTreatiseFull text
- Q04Does conscious intention help cause bodily action?
Yes. Consciousness is selective and grows more complex where the nervous system is least determinate, which would be useless if it had no effect; the automaton theory is an unwarranted a priori claim.
- Q20Does making an action habitual increase a person's freedom to act?
Yes. James recommends making useful actions habitual so that automatic performance of daily details releases higher mental powers for their own work.
- Q04Does conscious intention help cause bodily action?
1891WildeWilde,The Soul of Man under SocialismEnglishEssayFull text
- Q14Would machines becoming more capable than humans necessarily place humans in a subordinate position?
No. Argues that machinery now competes with men but under proper conditions will serve them, and that the future depends on mechanical slavery.
- Q25Does relying on machinery for ordinary necessities reduce people's ability to provide for themselves?
No. Argues that under proper social arrangements machinery will do all necessary and unpleasant work, freeing people to cultivate themselves; at present it competes with men only because of private ownership.
- Q14Would machines becoming more capable than humans necessarily place humans in a subordinate position?
1892SaltSalt,Animals' Rights Considered in Relation to Social ProgressEnglishTreatiseFull text
- Q28Would the capacity to suffer give an artificial being a claim to humane treatment?
Yes. Argues that if men have rights so do the lower animals, and rejects doctrines that deny animals feel pain.
- Q28Would the capacity to suffer give an artificial being a claim to humane treatment?
1895CarrollCarroll,What the Tortoise Said to AchillesEnglishPeriodicalFull text
- Q10Can a fixed procedure for reasoning settle a disagreement when the participants accept the same premises?
No. Shows in dialogue that a party who accepts the premises can still refuse the conclusion, because each rule of inference added as a new premise demands another rule to apply it.
- Q10Can a fixed procedure for reasoning settle a disagreement when the participants accept the same premises?
1898BellocBelloc,The Modern TravellerEnglishFictionFull text
- Q34Does superiority in industrial or military technology justify one people governing another?
No. Satirical verse whose narrator rests European mastery in Africa on the Maxim gun alone: 'Whatever happens, we have got / The Maxim gun, and they have not.'
- Q34Does superiority in industrial or military technology justify one people governing another?
1898KiddKidd,The Control of the TropicsEnglishTreatiseFull text
- Q34Does superiority in industrial or military technology justify one people governing another?
Yes. The tropics must be administered by the higher civilizations as a trust, because their resources are needed by the world and their peoples cannot develop them alone.
- Q34Does superiority in industrial or military technology justify one people governing another?
1898WellsWells,The War of the WorldsEnglishFictionFull text
- Q34Does superiority in industrial or military technology justify one people governing another?
No. Technically superior Martians treat humans as Europeans treated the Tasmanians, and the narrator asks whether people who exterminated the Tasmanians can complain.
- Q34Does superiority in industrial or military technology justify one people governing another?
1899KropotkinKropotkin,Fields, Factories and WorkshopsEnglishTreatiseFull text
- Q25Does relying on machinery for ordinary necessities reduce people's ability to provide for themselves?
No. Argues that the spread of industrial skill and intensive agriculture lets each nation and region produce its own food and manufactures instead of depending on distant specialised centres.
- Q25Does relying on machinery for ordinary necessities reduce people's ability to provide for themselves?